People in different countries and even within the same State or city face
strikingly different health outcomes because of vast inequalities in both
access to health care and the amount they have to pay for that care,
according to a new United Nations report, which calls for an overhaul of the
way such assistance is provided worldwide.
The annual <"http://www.who.int/whr/2008/en/index.html">World Health Report,
launched today by the World Health Organization (WHO), finds that the
inequalities are now much greater than they were 30 years ago and that too
often health care is treated as a commodity on which a profit can be made.
It recommends a return to so-called "primary health care," a more holistic
approach developed in the 1970s where general practitioners, family doctors
or nurses perform tasks that these days are frequently carried out by
specialists.
"In far too many cases, people who are well-off and generally healthier have
the best access to the best care, while the poor are left to fend for
themselves," WHO
<"<"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2008/pr38/en/index.html">">
said in a press release accompanying the report's launch.
"Health care is often delivered according to a model that concentrates on
diseases, high technology, and specialist care, with health viewed as a
product of biomedical interventions and the power of prevention largely
ignored."
Annual government expenditure on health varies greatly across the globe,
from as little as $20 per person to over $6000 in some countries, while
differences in life expectancy between the richest and poorest nations now
exceeds 40 years.
Sharp discrepancies in health can also occur within individual cities. In
the Kenyan capital, Nairobi, high-income areas have an under-five mortality
rate of below 15 per thousand, compared to 254 deaths per thousand in slum
neighborhoods of the same city.
"A world that is greatly out of balance in matters of health is neither
stable nor secure. The World Health Report sets out a way to tackle
inequalities and inefficiencies in health care, and its recommendations need
to be heeded," said WHO Director-General Margaret Chan.
For 5.6 billion people in low and middle-income countries, more than half of
all health care expenditure is through out-of-pocket payments and, at a time
of global financial crisis, such personal expenditure pushes more than 100
million people below the poverty line each year, the UN agency suggested.
"Viewed against current trends, primary health care looks more and more like
a smart way to get health development back on track," said Dr. Chan. "We
are, in effect, encouraging countries to go back to the basics. Thirty years
of well-monitored experience tell us what works and where we need to head,
in rich and poor countries alike."
The launch of the WHO report in Kazakhstan commemorates the 30th anniversary
of the Alma-Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care, which
placed health equity on the international political agenda.
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